Identifying and recording environmental pollutants in the Attica basin: the archaeological site of Kerameikos

Ioannis Prodromos Kotsifakos; Vasileios Lampropoulos

doi:10.14568/cp39273

Autores

Ioannis Prodromos Kotsifakos Department of Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art, School of Applied Arts and Culture, University of west Attica, Agiou Spiridonos 28, Egaleo, 12243, Greece
Vasileios Lampropoulos Department of Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art, School of Applied Arts and Culture, University of west Attica, Agiou Spiridonos 28, Egaleo, 12243, Greece

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14568/cp39273

Palavras-chave:

Poluentes atmosféricos, Degradação da pedra, Monumentos de mármore, Poluição ambiental urbana, Fatores de deterioração atmosférica, Contaminação

Resumo

Este estudo investiga a identificação e os efeitos dos poluentes atmosféricos nos sítios arqueológicos da bacia de Atenas, particularmente em Kerameikos. O objetivo foi identificar os poluentes que rodeiam esta área historicamente significativa no centro da cidade e avaliar os danos que causam aos monumentos. Ao examinar o ambiente e documentar os parâmetros atmosféricos, tornou-se evidente a influência significativa da geomorfologia na dispersão dos poluentes. A avaliação dos poluentes realizou-se através de uma combinação de amostragem de mármore e sensores de qualidade do ar. A recolha de amostras de água e o uso de métodos de diagnóstico documentaram os elementos transportados pelo ar depositados nas amostras. Os resultados foram avaliados com base nos fatores climáticos de deterioração, nos dados dos sensores, nos gráficos estatísticos e nas fontes bibliográficas. Concluindo, as partículas gasosas e os poluentes dos veículos motorizados são a maior ameaça ao meio ambiente, e sua limitação é também a mais difícil.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

1. Lampropoulos, V. N., Environment of monuments, museums and archaeological sites, Athens 2017, Athens (2003).

2. Iliopoulos, T., The archaeological museum of ceramics, Fund for Archaeological Resources and Expropriations, Athens (2009).

3. Crilley, L. R.; Shaw, M.; Pound, R.; Kramer, L. J.; Price, R.; Young, S.; Lewis, A.C.; Pope, F.D.; ‘Evaluation of low-cost optical particle counter (Alphasense OPC-N2) for ambient air monitoring’, Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11(2) (2018) 709-720, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-709-2018.

4. Moropoulou, A.; Bisbikou, K.; Torfs, K.; Van Grieken, R.; Zezza, F.; Macri, F., ‘Origin and growth of weathering crusts on ancient marbles in industrial atmosphere’, Atmospheric Environment 32(6) (1998) 967-982, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00129-5.

5. Giere, R.; Querol, X., ‘Solid particulate matter in the atmosphere’, Elements 6(4) (2010) 215-222, https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.6.4.215.

6. Lazaridis, M., Air pollution, with meteorological data, 2nd edition, Tziolas, Athens (2010).

7. Satsangi, P.G.; Yadav, S., ‘Characterization of PM 2,5 by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy – energy dispersive spectrometer: its relation with different pollution sources’, International Journal of Environmental. Science and Technology 11 (2014) 217-232, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-012-0173-0.

8. Stefanis, A.; Theoulakis, P.; Pilinis, C., ‘Dry deposition effect of marine aerosol to the building stone of the medieval city of Rhodes’, Building and Environment 44(2) (2009) 260-270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.03.001.

9. Skoulikidis, T.; Vassiliou, P., ‘Corrosion and conservation of building materials of monuments; the Acropolis case’, Corrosion Reviews 17(5-6) (1999) 295-332, https://doi.org/10.1515/CR.1999.17.5-6.295.

10. Kirkitsos, P.; Sikiotis, D., ‘Deterioration of pentelic marble, Portland limestone and baumberger sandstone in laboratory exposures to gaseous nitric acid’, Atmospheric Environment 29(1) (1995) 77-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(94)00230-I.

11. Lampropoulos, V. N., 'Conservation and restoration works of the monument and sculptures of the Academy of Athens' (5 November 2010), in Blog Round-About Art, http://roundaboutart.blogspot.com/2010/11/blog-post.html (accessed 2022-07-12).

12. Valavanidis, A.; Vlachogianni, T.; Loridas, S.; Fiotakis, C., ‘Atmospheric pollution in urban areas of Greece and economic crisis. Trends in air quality and atmospheric pollution data, research and adverse health effects’, in Research Gate (2015), https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284415702 (accessed 2021-06-18).

13. Proias, G. T.; Larissi, I. K.; Moustris, K. P.; Nastos, P. T.; Paliatsos, A. G., ‘Assessment of surface ozone variability in an urban coastal area at the Eastern Mediterranean’, Global Nest Journal 15(2) (2013) 163-168, https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.001034.

14. Kadja, M.; Anagnostopoulos, J. S.; Bergeles, G. C., ‘Study of wind flow and pollutant dispersion by newly developed precision improving methods’, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 23(8) (1996) 1065-1076, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1933(96)00088-7.

15. Yentekakis, I., Atmospheric pollution, effects, control and alternative technologies, Ed. Keydarithmos, Athens (2010).

16. Grivas, G.; Chaloulakou, A.; Kassomenos, P., ‘An overview of the PM10 pollution problem, in the Metropolitan Area of Athens, Greece. Assessment of controlling factors and potential impact of long range transport’, Science of the Total Environment 389(1) (2008) 165-177, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.08.048.

17. Basoulou, M.; Spyropoulos, G., ‘Comparative measurements of air pollution using low-cost sensors in the center of Athens and the Mt. Hymettus aesthetic forest’, Environmental Science Proceedings 26(1) (2023) 79, https:// doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc 2023026079.

18. Spyropoulos, G.; Nastos, P. T.; Moustris, K. P.; Katopodis, T., ‘The use of low-cost sensing for air pollution measurements in urban outdoor environments’, conference paper, in 14th international conference on meteorology, climatology and atmospheric Phisics (COMECAP), Alexandroupolis (2018).

19. Akbari, H.; Davis, S.; Dorsano, S.; Huang, J.; Winett, S., Cooling our Communities – Α guidebook on tree planting and light coloured surfacing, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto (1992).

20. Triantafyllou, E.; Diapouli, E.; Tsilibari, E. M.; Adamopoulos, A. D.; Biskos, G.; Eleftheriadis, K., ‘Assessment of factors influencing PM mass concentration measured by gravimetric & beta attenuation techniques at a suburban site’, Atmospheric Environment 131 (2016) 409-417, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.02.010.

21. Moussiopoulos, N., ‘Photochemical air pollution in Athens’, WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 1 (1993) 19-26, https://doi.org/10.2495/AIR930191.

22. Spyropoulos, C.; Nastos, P.; Moustris, K.; Chalvatzis, K., ‘Transportation and air quality perspectives and projections in a Mediterranean country, the case of Greece laboratory of climatology and atmospheric environment’, Land 11(2) (2022) 152, https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020152.