Beyond art technical sources: understanding colour production in Andalusi texts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14568/cp36258Keywords:
Colour production, Colour commerce, Colour use, Medieval pigments, Al-Andalus, Andalusi textsAbstract
The study of colour production in al-Andalus has been mostly directed towards art technical documentary sources, such as al-Qalalūsī’s Tuḥaf al-Ḫawāṣ (The Treasures of the Select), the 13th century Andalusi instructional book. The focus of the said research falls on the ingredients and procedures to create colour. However, the technical-centred approach tends to overlook social, economic, and cultural aspects of colour-making, such as the social perception towards dyers, prices, colour etiquette, besides the context under which such manuals were written. Other types of texts – such as geographical, normative, technical, and epistolary – can help to fulfil such gaps, by providing information regarding the production, commerce, transportation, symbolism, and further uses of raw materials used in colour production, such as alum, cinnabar, and indigo. A multifaceted approach which combines the analysis of different types of coeval sources, primarily Andalusi, can contribute for a more comprehensive insight on colour production in al-Andalus.
Downloads
References
Díaz Hidalgo, R. J.; Córdoba, R.; Grigoryan, H.; Vieira, M.; Melo, M. J.; Nabais, P.; Otero, V.; Teixeira, N.; Fani, S.; al-Abbady, H., ‘The making of black inks in an Arabic treatise by al-Qalalūsī dated from the 13th c.: reproduction and characterisation of iron-gall ink recipes’, Heritage Science 11(7) (2023), https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00823-1.
Vieira, M.; Nabais, P.; Angelin, E. M.; Araújo, R.; Lopes, J. A.; Martín, L.; Sameño, M.; Melo, M. J., ‘Organic red colorants in Islamic manuscripts (12th-15th c.) produced in al-Andalus, part 1’, Dyes and Pigments 166 (2019) 451-459, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2019.03.061.
Fani, S., ‘Arabic manuals on ink making: between a technical and literary approach’, in Copying manuscripts: textual and material craftsmanship, eds. A. Brita, G. Ciotti, F. De Simini and A. Roselli, Universitá degli Studi di Napoli “L'Orientale” – Dipartimento de Asia, Africa e Mediterraneo – University of Hamburg - Centre for the Study of Manuscript Culture, Naples (2020) 419-470.
Clarke, M., The art of all colours: Mediaeval recipe books for painters and illuminators, Archetype Publications, London (2001).
Kroustallis, S., ‘Los recetarios medievales de tecnologia artística’, in Art Technology Sources and Methods. Proceedings of the second symposium of the Art Technological Source Research study group, eds. S. Kroustallis, J. H. Townsend, E. C. Bruquetas, A. Stijnman and M. San Andrés Moya, Archetype Publications, London (2008) 35-41.
Kroustallis, S., ‘Reading the past: methodological considerations for future research in art technology’, in Art Technology Sources and Methods. Proceedings of the second symposium of the Art Technological Source Research study group, eds. S. Kroustallis, J. H. Townsend, E. C. Bruquetas, A. Stijnman and M. San Andrés Moya, Archetype Publications, London (2008) 23-27.
Neven, S., ‘Back to the text: artists’ recipe books as historical sources for research into art technology’, in Sources on Art Technology. Back to Basics. Proceedings of the sixth symposium of the ICOM-CC Working Group for Art Technological Source Research, eds. S. Eyb-Green, J. H. Townsend, K. Pilz, S. Kroustallis and I. van Leeuwen, Archetype Publications, London (2016) 15-21.
Oltrogge, D., ‘Theophilus: a methodological approach to reading an art technological source’, in The Artist’s process. Technology and interpretation. proceedings of the fourth symposium of the Art Technological Source Research study group, eds. S. Eyb-Green, J. H. Townsend, M. Clarke, J. Nadolny and S. Kroustallis, Archetype Publications, London (2012) 48-53.
Kennedy, H., Muslim Spain and Portugal. Political history of al-Andalus, Routledge, London and New York (1996).
Clément, F., Pouvoir et légitimité en Espagne musulmane à l’époque des taifas (Ve/XIe siècle). L’imam fictif, L’Harmattan, Paris (1997).
Ramírez del Río, J., La orientalización de al-Andalus: los días de los árabes en la Península Ibérica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (2002).
Lirola Delgado, J., ‘Ibn Idrīs al-Qalalūsī, Abū Bakr’, in Biblioteca de al-Andalus 3, eds. J. Lirola Delgado and J. M. Puerta Vílchez, Fundación Ibn Tufayl de Estudios Árabes, Almería (2004) 494-497, n. 635.
Vernet, J., Lo que Europa debe al Islam de España, Quaderns Crema SA, Barcelona (1999).
Gil-Bardají, A., ‘La traducción del árabe en España: panorámica histórica’, Quaderns. Revista de Traducció 23 (2016) 59-78.
Al-Qalalūsī, Tuḥaf al-Ḫawāṣ, Translated by J. Medlej, [Treasures of the Select in Rare Specialties], Majnouna, s.l. (2022).
Miquel, A., La geographie humaine du monde musulman jusqu’au milieu du 11e siècle 1, Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales - École pratique des hautes études-Mouton & Co., Paris (2001).
Ibn Ḫurradāḏbih, Kitāb al-masālik wa-l-mamālik, Translated by M. J. de Goeje, E. J. Brill, Leiden (1889).
Ibn Ḥawqal, Ṣūrat al-arḍ, [Configuración del Mundo (Fragmentos alusivos al Magreb y España], Translated by M. J. Romani Suay, Anubar, s.l. (1971).
Al-Bakrī, Kitāb al-masālik wa-l-mamālik, [Geografía de España], Translated by E. Vidal Beltran, Anubar, Zaragoza (1982).
Al-Bakrī, Kitāb al-masālik wa-l-mamālik, [Description de l’Afrique Septentrionale], Translated by M. G. De Slane, Imprimerie Impériale, Paris (1858).
Al-Idrīsī, Kitāb nuzhat al-muštāq fī iḫtirāq al-āfāq, [Geografía de España], Translated by E. Saavedra and A. Blázquez, Anubar, Valencia (1974).
Al-Ġarnāṭī, Abū Ḥāmid, Tuḥfa al-albāb, [El Regalo de los Espírutus], Translated by A. Ramos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid (1990).
Al-Qazwīnī, Āṯār al-bilād, [El Occidente de al-Andalus en el Āṯār al-bilād de al- Qazwīnī], Translated by F. Roldán Castro, Alfar, Sevilla (1990).
Ḏikr bilad al-Andalus, [Una Descripción Anónima de al-Andalus], Translated by L. Molina, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Miguel Asín, Madrid (1983).
Al-Ḥimyarī, Kitāb al-rawḍ al-miʿṭār, Translated by M. P. Maestro González, s. n., Valencia (1963).
Lambton, A. K. S., ‘Hisba’, in Encyclopaedia of Islam 3, eds. B. Lewis, V. L. Ménage, Ch. Pellat, J. Schacht, E. J. Brill, Leiden (1986) 485-491.
Ibn ʿAbdūn, Risāla fī al-qaḍā’ wa-l-ḥisba [Sevilla a Comienzos del Siglo XII], Translated by E. García Gómez and E. Lévi-Provençal, Servicio de Publicaciones del Ayuntamiento de Sevilla, Sevilla (1992).
Al-Šayzarī, Nihāyat al-rutba fī ṭalab al-ḥisba, [The Book of the Islamic Market Inspector], Translated by R. P. Buckley, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1999).
Al-Wanšarīsī, Al-miʿyār al-muʿrib wa-l-ǧāmiʿ al-mughrib ʿan fatāwā ʿulamāʾ Ifrīqiya wa-l-Andalus wa-l-Maghrib, [Histoire et société en Occident musulman au Moyen Age. Analyse du Miʿyār d'al-Wanšarīsī], Translated by V. Lagardère, Casa de Velásquez, Madrid (1995).
Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb, Kitāb al-ḫarāǧ, [Le livre de l'impôt foncier], Translated by E. Fagnan, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, Paris (1921).
García, E.,‘Las plantas textiles y tintóreas en al-Andalus’, in Tejer y vestir: de la Antiguedad al Islam, ed. M. Marín, CSIC, Madrid (2001) 417-451.
García Sánchez, E.; Ramón-Laca Menéndez de Luarca, L., ‘Sebestén y Zumaque, dos frutos importados de Oriente durante la Edad Media’, Anuario de estudios medievales 31(2) (2001) 867-882.
Ibn Baṣṣāl, Kitāb al-filāḥa, [Libro de Agricultura], Translated by J. M. Millás Vallicrosa, and M. Azīmān, Instituto Muley El-Hasan, Tetuán (1955), Sevilla (1995).
Ibn Ǧanāḥ, Kitāb al-talḫīṣ, [On the Nomenclature of Medicinal Drugs], Translated by G. Bos, and F. Käs, Brill, Leiden (2020).
Ibn al-Bayṭār, Kitāb al-ǧāmiʿ li-mufradāt al-adwiya wa-l-aġḏiya, [Traité des Simples], Translated by L. Leclerc, vol. 2., Imprimerie Nationale, Paris (1877).
Muhanna, E., The world in a book. Al-Nuwayrī and the Islamic encyclopedic tradition, Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford (2018).
Al-Nuwayrī, Nihāyat al-arab fī funūn al-adab, [The Ultimate Ambition in the Arts of Erudition], Translated by E. Muhanna, Penguin Classics, New York (2016).
Ibn Razīn al-Tuǧībī, Fiḍālat al-ḫiwān fī ṭayyibāt al-ṭaʿām wa-l-alwān, [Best of Delectable Foods and Dishes from al-Andalus and al-Maghrib], Translated by N. Nasrallah, Brill, Leiden (2023).
Goitein, S. D., Letters of Medieval Jewish traders, Princeton University Press, Princeton (1973).
Levey, M., ‘Mediaeval Arabic bookmarking and its relation to early chemistry and pharmacology’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 52(4) (1962) 1-79.
Mahmood, Z. A.; Zoha, S. M.; Usmanghani, K.; Hasan, M. M.; Obaid, A.; Jahan, S.; Saeed, A.; Zaihd, R.; Zubair M., ‘Kohl (Surma): retrospect and prospect’, Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 22(1) (2009) 107-122.
Frison, G.; Brun, G., ‘Lapis lazuli, lazurite, ultramarine “blue”, and the colour term “azure” up to the 13th century’, Journal of the International Colour Association 16 (2016) 41-55.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium following no commercial or derivatives, provided the original author and source are credited.
Copyright remains with the authors.