As cores da fábrica de cerâmica da Tijomel (1941-1992): caracterização de um conjunto de corantes cerâmicos e dos azulejos do catálogo da Decormel
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14568/cp32258Palavras-chave:
Azulejos, Colorantes, Pigmentos, CerâmicaResumo
A fábrica de cerâmica Tijomel foi considerada das mais modernas da Península Ibérica em meados do século XX. Localizada em Caxarias (Ourém, Portugal), esta fábrica produziu uma vasta gama de materiais em cerâmica, desde tijolos de barro até sofisticados azulejos modernistas. Recentemente, membros da família dos antigos proprietários da Fábrica Tijomel recuperaram um acervo de 33 matérias-primas, na sua maioria colorantes cerâmicos. Neste estudo foi realizada a caracterização destes colorantes cerâmicos e comparada com um catálogo de azulejos do mesmo fabricante, o Catálogo Decormel. Os colorantes e azulejos foram investigados usando uma abordagem multianalítica, caracterizados por h-EDXRF e μ-XRD, para obter a composição elementar e mineralógica e por câmara hiperespectral e colorimetria para determinar as propriedades ópticas. Este estudo permitiu vislumbrar a variedade de colorantes cerâmicos utilizados em meados do século XX e mostrou que a Tijomel combinava a utilização de colorantes utilizados na azulejaria tradicional com composições mais recentes.
Downloads
Referências
Carvalho, R. S. de, Azulejos : maravilhas de Portugal = wonders of Portugal, Centro Atlântico: Famalicão (2017).
Pinto de Matos, M. A.; Mimoso, J.; Pais, A.; Esteves, M.; Menezes, M., ‘Portuguese azulejos, world heritage’, in GlazeArch2015, International Conference Glazed Ceramics in Architectural Heritage, ed. LNEC, LNEC, Lisboa (2015) 1-10.
Coentro, S.; Alves, L. C. C.; Relvas, C.; Ferreira, T.; Mirão, J.; Molera, J.; Muralha, V. S. F. S. F., ‘The glaze technology of Hispano-Moresque ceramic tiles: a comparison between Portuguese and Spanish collections’, Archaeometry 59(4) (2017) 667-684, https://doi.org/10.1111/arcm.12280.
Coentro, S.; Mimoso, J. M.; Lima, A. M.; Silva, A. S.; Pais, A. N.; Muralha, V. S. F., ‘Multi-analytical identification of pigments and pigment mixtures used in 17th century Portuguese azulejos’, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 32(1) (2012) 37-48, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.07.021.
Carvalho, R. S.; Carvalho, A. P.; Vaz, M. F., ‘Studies of ceramic tiles attributed to gabriel del barco’, Archaeometry 55(1) (2013) 54-67, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2012.00661.x.
Coutinho, M. L.; Veiga, J. P.; Alves, L. C.; Mirão, J.; Dias, L.; Lima, A. M.; Macedo, M. F., ‘Characterization of the glaze and in-glaze pigments of the nineteenth-century relief tiles from the Pena National Palace, Sintra, Portugal’, Applied Physics A 122(7) (2016) 696, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-016-0214-5.
Pereira, S. R. M.; Conte, G.; Esteves, L.; Pais, A. N.; Mimoso, J. M., ‘Evolution of azulejo glaze technology in Portugal from the 16th to the onset of the 19th century’, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 43(8) (2023) 3804–3815, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2023.01.038.
Saporiti, T., Azulejos de Lisboa no século XX, Edições Afrontamento, Porto (1992).
Figueiredo, E.; Esteves, L.; Pais, A. N.; Vilarigues, M. G.; Coentro, S. X., ‘As cores na azulejaria portuguesa : uma revisão’, Conservar Património 42 (2023) 72–80, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14568/cp27252.
Gil, M.; Costa, M.; Cardoso, A.; Valadas, S.; Helvaci, Y.; Bhattacharya, S.; Candeias, A., ‘On the two working palettes of Almada Negreiros at DN building in Lisbon (1939–1940): first analytical approach and insight on the use of Cd based pigments’, Heritage 4(4) (2021) 4578-4595, https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040252.
Marazioti, V.; Douvas, A. M.; Katsaros, F.; Koralli, P.; Chochos, C.; Gregoriou, V. G.; Facorellis, Y., ‘Chemical characterisation of artists’ spray-paints: a diagnostic tool for urban art conservation’, Spectrochimica Acta - Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 291 (2023) 122375, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2023.122375.
Geraldes, C.; Mimoso, J. M.; Pais, A., ‘The use of “Tijomel” tiles in Portuguese modern architecture’, in International Conference Glazed Ceramics in Cultural Heritage, LNEC, Lisboa (2018) 125–139, http://glazeart2018.lnec.pt/ (access 2024-03-10).
Molinari, C.; Conte, S.; Zanelli, C.; Ardit, M.; Cruciani, G.; Dondi, M., ‘Ceramic pigments and dyes beyond the inkjet revolution: from technological requirements to constraints in colorant design’, Ceramics International 46(14) (2020) 21839-21872, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.05.302.
Frank, H.; Janet, H., The Potter’s dictionary of materials and techniques, 6th ed., Bloomsbury Academic, London (2015).
Iñañez, J. G.; Speakman, R. J.; Buxeda i Garrigós, J.; Glascock, M. D., ‘Chemical characterization of majolica from 14th-18th century production centers on the Iberian Peninsula: a preliminary neutron activation study’, Journal of Archaeological Science 35(2) (2008) 425–440, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2007.04.007.
Pereira, S. R. M.; Menezes, M.; van Lookeren Campagne, K., ‘The Importance of technological knowledge for the valorization of azulejo heritage’, in Intangibillity matters: International Conference on the values of tangible heritage, ed. Menezes, M., Costa, D., Rodrigues, J.D. LNEC, Lisboa (2017) 55–66.
Verger, L.; Dargaud, O.; Chassé, M.; Trcera, N.; Rousse, G.; Cormier, L., ‘Synthesis, properties and uses of chromium-based pigments from the Manufacture de Sèvres’, Journal of Cultural Heritage 30 (2018) 26-33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2017.09.012.
Faurel, X.; Vanderperre, A.; Colomban, P., ‘Pink pigment optimization by resonance Raman spectroscopy’, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 34(4) (2003) 290-294, https://doi.org/10.1002/jrs.996.
Wu, J.; Li, K.; Xu, X.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, X.; Lao, X., ‘Research and development of cadmium sulphoselenide red pigment’, Journal Wuhan University of Technology, Materials Science Edition 30(6) (2015) 1247-1254, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-015-1303-6.
Gazulla, M. F.; Gomez, M. P.; Barba, A.; Orduña, M., ‘Chemical and phase characterisation of ceramic pigments’, X-Ray Spectrometry 36(2) (2007) 82-91, https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.943.
Badenes, J. A.; Calbo, J.; Tena, M. A.; Monro, G.; Llusar, M.; Fore, A., ‘Colour analysis of some cobalt-based blue pigments’, Journal of European Ceramic Society 21(8) (2001) 1121-1130, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(00)00295-8.
Tena, M. A.; Meseguer, S.; Gargori, C.; For, A., ‘Study of Cr-SnO2 Ceramic Pigment and of Ti / Sn Ratio on Formation and Coloration of These Materials Study of Cr-SnO 2 ceramic pigment and of Ti / Sn ratio on formation and coloration of these materials’, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 27(1) (2007) 215-221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.04.183.
Dondi, M.; Zanelli, C.; Ardit, M.; Cruciani, G.; Mantovani, L.; Tribaudino, M.; Andreozzi, G. B., ‘Ni-free, black ceramic pigments based on Co-Cr-Fe-Mn spinels: A reappraisal of crystal structure, colour and technological behaviour’, Ceramics International 39(8) (2013) 9533–9547, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.05.072.
Meseguer, S.; Tena, M. A.; Gargori, C.; Badenes, J. A.; Llusar, M.; Monro, G., ‘Structure and colour of cobalt ceramic pigments from phosphates’, Ceramics International 33 (2007) 843-849, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2006.01.024.
Palma de Araújo, A. P., A Fábrica de louça de Massarelos contributos para a caracterização de uma unidade fabril pioneira, Vol. 1, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, https://repositorioaberto.uab.pt/handle/10400.2/2382 (accessed 2023-07-01).
Palomar, T.; Grazia, C.; Pombo Cardoso, I.; Vilarigues, M.; Miliani, C.; Romani, A., ‘Analysis of chromophores in stained-glass windows using Visible Hyperspectral Imaging in-situ’, Spectrochimica Acta - Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 223 (2019) 117378, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2019.117378.
Coutinho, M. L.; Veiga, J. P.; Ruivo, A.; Silva, T. P.; Salas-Colera, E.; Bottura-Scardina, S.; Lima, M. R., ‘An insight into the firing conditions of Chinese blue-and-white porcelain through XANES’, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 37(3) (2022) 632-640, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ja00006g.
Laia, C.; Ruivo, A., ‘Photoluminescent glasses and their applications’, in Fluorescence in Industry, ed. B. Pedras, Springer International Publishing, Cham (2019) 365–388, https://doi.org/10.1007/4243_2019_12.
Doménech-Carbó, A.; Doménech-Carbó, M. T., ‘Electrochemical characterization of archaeological tin-opacified lead-alkali glazes and their corrosion processes’, Electroanalysis 17(21) (2005) 1959–1969, https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200503322.
Navarro, J. M. F., El vidrio, Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press, Madrid (1991).
Emiliani, G. P.; Corbara, F., Tecnologia ceramica - Le materie prime, Grupo Editoriale Faenza Editrice S.p.A., Faenza (1999).
Yurdakul, H.; Turan, S.; Ozel, E., ‘The mechanism for the colour change of iron chromium black pigments in glazes through transmission electron microscopy techniques’, Dyes and Pigments 91(2) (2011) 126–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2011.03.014.
Matteucci, F.; Cruciani, G.; Dondi, M.; Guarini, G.; Raimondo, M., ‘Coloring mechanisms in rutile-based ceramic pigments’, in QUALICER 2004 : VIII World Congress on Ceramic Tile Quality, QUALICER / Colegio Oficial de Ingenieros Superiores Industriales, Castellón (2004) 261–272.
Bamford, C. R., ‘Ion colouration by transtion metals and ligand field theory’, in Colour Generation and Control in Glass Glass Science and Technology, Elsevier, Amsterdan,New York (1977) 33-61.
Benchikhi, M.; Hattaf, R.; El Ouatib, R., ‘Sol-gel-assisted molten-salt synthesis of Co2SiO4 pigments for ceramic tiles application’, Silicon 15(4) (2023) 2003-2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-022-02151-2.
Llusar, M.; Vicent, J. B.; Badenes, J.; Tena, M. A.; Monrós, G., ‘Environmental optimisation of blue vanadium zircon ceramic pigment’, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 19(15) (1999) 2647-2657, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2219(99)00041-2.
Xiaoyu, H.; Gui-Ru, B.; Min-Guang, Z., ‘The study of the optical and the EPR spectra of V+4 in zircon-type crystals’, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 46(6) (1985) 719-727, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3697(85)90161-1.
Lopez-Navarrete, E.; Caballero, A.; Orera, V. M.; Lázaro, F. J.; Ocaña, M., ‘Oxidation state and localization of chromium ions in Cr-doped cassiterite and Cr-doped malayaite’, Acta Materialia 51(8) (2003) 2371-2381, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(03)00044-2.
Liang, S., ‘Colour performance investigation of a Cr2O3 green pigment prepared via the thermal decomposition of CrOOH’, Ceramics International 40 (2014) 4367-4373, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.08.107.
FitzHugh, E. W.; Harley, R. D., ‘Artists’ pigments by Rosamond D. Harley’, Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 41(2) (2002) 187-189, https://doi.org/10.2307/3179793.
Harisanov, V.; Pavlov, R. S.; Marinova, I. T.; Kozhukharov, V.; Carda, J. B., ‘Influence of crystallinity on chromatic parameters of enamels coloured with malayaite pink pigments’, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 23(3) (2003) 429-435, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(02)00090-0.
Van Die, A., ‘A search for luminescence of the trivalent manganese ion in solid aluminates’, Materials research Bulliteim 22 (1987) 781-787.
López-Navarrete, E.; Caballero, A.; González-Elipe, A. R.; Ocana, M., ‘Chemical state and distribution of Mn ions in Mn-doped α-Al2O3 solid solutions prepared in the absence and the presence of fluxes’, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 24(10-11) (2004) 3057-3062, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2003.11.018.
Capobianco, N.; Hunault, M. O. J. Y.; Balcon-Berry, S.; Galoisy, L.; Sandron, D.; Calas, G., ‘The Grande Rose of the Reims Cathedral: an eight-century perspective on the colour management of medieval stained glass’, Scientific Reports 9, 3287 (2019) 3287., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39740-y.
Capobianco, G.; Agresti, G.; Bonifazi, G.; Serranti, S.; Pelosi, C., ‘Yellow pigment powders based on lead and antimony: Particle size and colour hue’, Journal of Imaging 7(8) (2021) 127, https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging7080127.
Cartechini, L.; Rosi, F.; Miliani, C.; Acapito, F. D.; Brunetti, G.; D’Acapito, F.; Sgamellotti, A., ‘Modified Naples yellow in Renaissance majolica: study of Pb–Sb–Zn and Pb–Sb–Fe ternary pyroantimonates by X-ray absorption spectroscopy’, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 26(12) (2011) 2500, https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ja10190k.
Wang, C. T.; Chen, M. T.; Lai, D. L., ‘Surface characterization and reactivity of vanadium-tin oxide nanoparticles’, Applied Surface Science 257(11) (2011) 5109-5114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.01.031.
Figueiredo, M. O.; Veiga, J. P.; Silva, T. P.; Mirão, J. P.; Pascarelli, S., ‘Chemistry versus phase constitution of yellow ancient tile glazes: a non-destructive insight through XAS’, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 238 (2005) 134-137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2005.06.033.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Categorias
Licença
O presente trabalho é distribuído nos termos da Licença Creative Commons (CC BY-NC 4.0) que permite a utilização, partilha e reprodução para fins não comerciais e sem modificações, desde que o autor e fonte original sejam citados.
O Copyright permanece com os autores.
