Photogrammetry in the conservation of vernacular heritage focusing on the digital preservation of the memory of Algerian ancient ksour: case study of the Kenadsa Ksar
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14568/cp41452Keywords:
Photogrammetry, 3D/4D modelling, Digital conservation, Saharan heritage, RestitutionAbstract
This paper presents the results of our research project KSOUR3D and GIS4D, which aim to explore the use of photogrammetry as an innovative method for the survey, preservation and promotion of the heritage of Algerian Sahara. The adopted approach is based on a methodological strategy and a process model within a global vision of three-dimensional and spatiotemporal modelling (3D/3D+1). Through a case study applied to the Kenadsa ksar, this study underscores the pertinence of establishing a multimodal digital database, which allows the generation of exploitable models for interactive visualisation and scenario planning of heritage interventions. The process is based on data acquisition, processing, and modelling to generate point clouds faithfully representing the buildings studied. The enrichment of models by the incorporation of temporal metadata allows the creation of various 3D model instances usable through augmented and virtual reality visualisation tools, offering immersive animations.
Downloads
References
1. Choay, F., L’allégorie du patrimoine, Edition du Seuil, Paris (1996).
2. Côte, M., Signatures sahariennes, terroirs et territoires vus du ciel, Méditerranée, Presses Universitaires de Provence, Aix Marseille (2012).
3. Bisson, J., Mythes et réalités d’un désert convoité : le Sahara, L’Harmatta, Paris (2003).
4. Daniele, P., ‘Patrimoine et développement durable : les enjeux et les défis pour les villes historiques du Maghreb’, in Patrimoine et développement durable dans les villes historiques du Maghreb : enjeux, diagnostics et recommandations, UNESCO, Rabat (2004) 1-3.
5. The London charter. For the computer-based visualisation of cultural, in EPOCH (2009), http://www.londoncharter.org/ (accessed 2025-08-20).
6. Icomos, The Seville principles international principles of virtual archaeology, Springer International Publishing, Sevilla (2011), http://sevilleprinciples.com/ (accessed 2025-08-20).
7. Yastikli, N., ‘Documentation of cultural heritage using digital photogrammetry and laser scanning’, Journal of Cultural Heritage 8(4) (2007) 423-427, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2007.06.003.
8. Grussenmeyer, P.; Hanke, K.; Streilein, A., ‘Architectural photogrammety: basic theory, procedures, tools’, in Digital Photogrammetry, Taylor & Francis, London (2002) 300-339.
9. Pieraccini, M.; Guidi, G.; Atzeni, C., ‘3D digitizing of cultural heritage’, Journal of Cultural Heritage 2(1) (2001) 63-70, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(01)01108-6.
10. Murphy, M.; Eugene, M.; Sara, P., ‘Historic building information modelling (HBIM)’, Structural Survey 27(4) (2009) 311-327, https://doi.org/10.1108/02630800910985108.
11. Murphy, M.; McGovern, E.; Pavia, S., ‘Historic building information modelling - adding intelligence to laser and image based surveys of European classical architecture’, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 76 (2013) 89-102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2012.11.006.
12. Lucchi, E., ‘Digital twins for the automation of the heritage construction sector’, Automation in Construction 156 (2023) 105073, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2023.105073.
13. Charbonneau, N.; Spiric, N.; Blais, V.; Robichaud, L.; Burgess, J., ‘4D modelling of built heritage: a system offering an alternative to using BIM’, Digital Studies/Le champ numérique 8(1) (2018) 1-18, https://doi.org/10.16995/dscn.283.
14. Hetherington, R. E.; Scott, J. P., ‘Adding a fourth dimension to three dimensional virtual spaces’, Web3D Symposium Proceedings 1(212) (2004) 163-172, https://doi.org/10.1145/985040.985064.
15. Stefani, C., Maquettes numériques spatio-temporelles d’édifices patrimoniaux. Modélisation de la dimension temporelle et multi-restitutions d’édifices, PhD dissertation, l’École Nationale Supérieure d’Arts et Métiers, Paris (2010), https://theses.hal.science/pastel-00522122/ (accessed 2024-07-11).
16. Bennoui Ladraa, B.; Doumaz, F.; Chennaoui, Y., ‘Contribution to the technical interpretation of the Roman sacred architecture by the new survey methods’, in Handbook of research on emerging technologies for architectural and archaeological heritage, ed. I. Alfonso, IGI Global, (2017) 132-158, https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0675-1.ch005.
17. Chennaoui, Y.; Juan-Vidal, F.; Fantini, F., ‘Architectural models and urban planning from Hadrian’s Villa maquette to the amphitheater of Caesarea of Mauretania (Cherchell)’, in International conference on cultural heritage and new technologies, Museon der Stadt Wien – Stadtarchäologie Mag “Karin Fisher Ausserer”, Vienna (2013) 1-19.
18. Bennoui-Ladraa, B.; Chennaoui, Y., ‘Use of photogrammetry for digital surveying, documentation and communication of cultural heritage. The case of virtual reconstruction of the access doors for the nameless temple of Tipasa (Algeria)’, Studies in Digital Heritage 2(2) (2018) 121-137, https://doi.org/10.14434/sdh.v2i2.24496.
19. Bennoui-Ladraa, B.; Chennaoui, Y.; Ainouche, H., ‘The virtual archaeology and interpretative process: case study of the virtual reconstitution of a Hercules marble statue from the nameless temple of Tipasa’, Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage 19 (2020) e00163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.daach.2020.e00163.
20. Waldhäusl, P.; Ogleby, C., ‘3×3 rules for simple photogrammetric documentation of architecture’, International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 30(5) (1994) 426-496.
21. Barkani, A., ‘Ambiances patrimoniales et espace ksourien. Vers une qualification sensible du caractère patrimonial ? Cas du ksour du sud-ouest algérien’, in RIPAM2019 International Conference, talk (2019).
22. Barkani, A.; Bouchareb, A., ‘Correlation between spatial configuration and potential human behaviour in a vernacular fabric undergoing conservation work. Case of Kenadsa Ksar in Algeria’, International Journal of Conservation Science 13(2) (2022) 541-564.
23. Barkani, A., Logique et mode d’organisation de l’espace ksourien. Étude de l’entité de dwirîyât au sein du ksar de Kenadsa, Master dissertation, Department of Architecture, University of Béchar, Bechar Algeria (2011).
24. Moussaoui, A., Espace et sacré au Sahara. Ksour et oasis du sud-ouest algérien, CNRS Éditions, France (2002).
25. Delarue-Mardrus, L., El Arab l’Orient que j’ai connu, Edition Lugdunum, France (1944).
26. Zine, A., 'Les ksour', Revue Habitat, Tradition et Modernité 2 (1994) 17-22.
27. Grussenmeyer, P., ‘Photogrammétrie architecturale et modélisation 3D du patrimoine’, Revue XYZ(95) (2003) 30-36.
28. Tamali Mohamed; Barkani, A., Sketchfab.com (2019), https://sketchfab.com/mtamali/collections/old-ksar-kenadsa-46575ef0e5dd4ed4a6dfcfeab021ebe3 (accessed 06/10/2024).
29. Échallier, J.-C., ‘Sur quelques détails d’architecture du Sahara occidental’, Le Saharien : revue d’action touristique, culturelle, économique et sportive 42(2) (1966) 33-45.
30. Bachminski, J.; Grandet, D., Éléments d’architecture et d’urbanisme traditionnels, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d’Oran, Algeria (1985).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Categories
License
This work is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium following no commercial or derivatives, provided the original author and source are credited.
Copyright remains with the authors.
